道统、系谱与历史——关于中国思想史脉络的来源与确立

古代中国思想史的叙事脉络,大体来自三个不同的“系谱”,它们仿佛考古中的三个“堆积层”,分别是:(一)古代中国的“道统”,(二)近代日本“支那哲学史”与现代西方“哲学史”框架下的中国思想清理,(三)20世纪30年代以后逐渐形成的马克思主义哲学史和思想史叙事。这三重叙事方式,在一种很有意思的结合下,确立了直至如今的中国思想史基本脉络,并且越俎代庖地充当了思想世界的“历史”。在这一思想史叙事逐渐脉络化背后,有一种发掘精神资源和思想传统,为当代重新树立“统绪”的意图。可是,这样的叙事脉络忽略了古代思想世界具体的历史环境、政治刺激和社会生活,也使得中国思想史常常出现后设的有意凸现或者无意删削,并且由于脉络化而线索变得很单一。因此,新思想史研究,应当回到历史场景,而在思想史与知识史、社会史和政治史之间,也不必人为地画地为牢。

Orthodoxy, Pedigree and History--Origin and Establishment of Thread of Chinese Intellectual History

On the whole, the narrative thread of ancient Chinese intellectual history originates from three different “pedigrees”, which seem like three “accumulation horizons” in archeology. They are the “Confucian orthodoxy” of ancient China, the sort-out of Chinese thoughts under the frameworks of “Chinese philosophic history” of modern Japan and modern Western “philosophic history”, and the Marxist narrative of philosophic and intellectual history having been evolved gradually since the 1930s. Under a kind of interesting combination, the triple narratives have formed the fundamental thread of Chinese intellectual history, and have exceeded their own functions to act as the “history” of the intellectual world. There is an intention of exploring spiritual resource and intellectual tradition to reestablish the system for the contemporary society. However, this kind of thread neglects the concrete historical environment, political stimulation and social lives of the ancient intellectual world, and has constantly made the metatheoretical intentional emphasis or unwitting deletion in the studies of Chinese intellectual history, with the clue becoming simplistic. Therefore, the new type of the studies should return to the historical scene, and we should not restrict ourselves on the relations among the intellectual history, the history of knowledge, the social history and the political history.