“言语行为”的后现代状况

在其创立者奥斯汀和塞尔那里,"言语行为理论"作为一种哲学理论,其任务是反对"逻辑实证主义",关注"日常语言"的使用情况,研究言语行为的分类和句子意义与语境的关系。塞尔利用言语行为理论开创了对"虚构"的哲学研究方式;经过与解构主义的论争,言语行为理论被改造为一种多元主义的阐释方法;而后现代思想家们则通过挪用言语行为理论的某些观点和概念,找到了突破语言结构、对社会文化生活中种种权力话语机制展开批判的手段。言语行为理论在"后现代"语境下的发展史正是其创始人最初的意图被渐渐遗忘的历史。

The Postmodern Condition of "Speech Act"

Speech-act theory was founded by J L.Austin and J R.Searle who planned to go against the presuppositions of logical positivism.According to Austin and Searle,the purpose of such theory is to study the uses of "ordinary language" and presents a rational taxonomy of types of speech acts and explores the relation between the meanings of sentences and the contexts of their utterance.Searle’s theory of language provides a method to analyze fictional discourse.After quarrelling against Derrida,searle’s was transformed to be certain hermeneutics of pluralism.Almost at the same time many "postmodern" writers learn and reform some concepts and thoughts from Austin and Searle,trying to develop these ideas,such as "Performativity" and "Speech Act",to be ethic-political tactics resisting and criticizing the institutional discourse of power.Finally the phylogeny of speech-act theory can be proved to be a history during which the founder’s original intentions being forgotten.