20世纪50年代中叶木里藏区社会演变及民主改革研究

木里藏区的社会演变及民主改革是20世纪中叶川滇藏区民主改革的典型事例。旧木里社会虽系政教合一,但政主教从,土司掌握大权,八尔家居于特殊地位。解放后,木里地区废除了33种负担,调整了债务,耕地实行谁种谁收谁负担,变相实行农民所有权。木里社会之所以能有这些变革,除社会制度改变外,关键在于人民政府实行＂赎买＂政策,安置中上层人士,给予薪金或粮食补助;＂包＂了众喇嘛的生活费用,资助寺庙的活动费用,为尔后开展民主改革创造了条件。木里开展的民主改革只是事实上承认农民的土地所有权,解决寺庙及喇嘛的土地及枪支问题,调剂富农出租的土地,解放奴隶等。但是即使具备实行＂温和＂改革的社会条件,改革仍遭致个别中下层人士的反对,出现叛乱。这说明藏区改革是彻底改变旧制度的行动,局部的反对难以避免,要坚持及维护改革,只能平息叛乱。

A Study on the Social Evolution and Democratic Reform in the Muli Tibetan Area in the Mid-1950s

The social evolution and democratic reform in the Muli Tibetan area was a typical case of the democratic reform conducted in the Tibetan areas of Sichuan and Yunnan in the mid- 1950s. After liberation （1949）, the Muli region abolished 33 kinds of burdens, adjusted debts, and implemented a farming system which stipulated ＂he who cultivates, should receive the harvest＂, in other words, a system was implemented con- cerning the rights of the peasants. The reason why Muli society could conduct such kind of reform was that in addition to changing the social system, the people＇ s government implemented a ＂ redemp- tion＂ policy. They provided political positions, salary or food subsidies for the local people from the middle and upper classes, ＂ensured＂ the living allowance of the Lamas, and gave financial support for the temple activities. All of these actions created conditions for future democratic reform. The democratic reform in Muli acknowl- edged the peasants＇ ownership of land, handled the land and weapon issues of the temple and the Lamas, adjusted the rich peasants system of renting land, and liberated the slaves, etc. As such, the reforms had many achievements. However, even though social conditions were good for conducting a ＂moderate＂ reform, democratic reform still encountered opposition from some individuals from the middle and lower classes. Hence, some rebellion appeared. This indicated that the reform in Tibetan areas was a kind of action aimed at completely changing the old system Therefore, it was hard to avoid the opposition in some areas. Thus, if reform were to be upheld and maintained, the rebellions must be quelled. In tracing back the history and the reform process of Muli, we can see that it clearly reflec- ted that changing the old system; eliminating ex- ploitation and oppression; and liberating slaves was the path for the development of Tibetan socie- ty. In fact, even part of the upper classes of the ethnic groups was aware of this trend. They knew that the system w