从剿饷的征用看明末国家机器运转的失灵

剿饷主要是明朝末年崇祯皇帝为镇压农民起义而加派的赋税，剿饷能否得到有效运用，既关系到农民起义能否被顺利镇压，又关系到统治者的切身利益能否得到有效保障。为了保证剿饷的有效运用，统治者对剿饷的征收、管理及运用，采取了一系列的政策和措施，但是这些措施并未收到实效。相反，剿饷加派本身的目的和性质，以及剿饷征用过程中出现的挪用、虚耗与贪污等弊端，从一个侧面反映了明末王朝各方面管理的混乱，由此可见，明朝末年，国家机器运转已渐趋失灵，王朝灭亡之势难以逆转。

The Breakdown of the State Machine in Terms of the Collection and Use of Suppressing Rates at the End of the Ming Dynasty

The suppressing rates were mainly the pay for crackdown on peasant uprising, which was collected by Chong Zhen emperor at the end of the Ming dynasty. The effective collection and use of them concerned not only the repression of the peasant uprising but also the guarantee of the immediate interests of the rulers. Therefore, to ensure the successful implementation of suppressing pay, the rulers adopted a series of policies and measures in its collection, management and use, but all these meas- ures failed to achieve the intended effect. Instead, the suppressing pay, together with the disadvantages, such as misappropri- ation, waste and corruption that appeared in the process of collection and use, reflected the dynasty＇ chaos in the management of various aspects. So it can be concluded that, at the end of the Ming Dynasty the state machine was gradually breaking down and the fate of the dynasty was doomed.