造士·选士·命士 --先秦士人文化的发展道路(二)

先秦士是一个不断演变的文化群体."士"的指称对象.在西周初年,主要是"殷遗"或周邦以外的"有方"人士.由于周人需要培养自己的官司民守,"士"要领的内涵也就发生了转换和锐变.这一转变的关键,便是周人各级教育网络所具有的"造士"功能.周代教育十分完备,贵族子弟享有各级教育的权利,平民不乏受教育的机会.周代士子受教科目,包括"德行"与"道艺"两类;其培养目标就是德艺兼备,"出使长之"入使治之"的文武兼能之士.周人以射礼选士,也是出于同一目的.周代选士,有相应的爵命制度,胡有"命士"与"庶士"之别.周代士人的培养、考选与爵命之制,决定了他们作为新型知识群体的文化特征.

The Development of Intellectual Culture in Previous Qin

Shi" (Intellectuals) in Previous Qin are a constantly developing cultural community. "Shi" mainly refers to the Yin generations and the intellectuals beyond Zhou Dynasty. The connotation of "Shi" changes due to the requirement of the training of the off officals for Zhou. which results in the "training-Shi" functions in Zhou's educational net of all levels. Zhou's education is perfect. which offers the opportunity for nobles' children as well as for the children of the poor. What the Zhou children learned is categorized into "morality" and "skills". The training aim is to produce such talents both of ability and of political integrity. which is also fit to intellectuals' selecting in accordance with morality. Intellectuals' selecting in Zhou is based on its system of appointment which is reflected by "appointed people" and "common people". The system of training, selecting and appointing determines the cultural features of new-type community of knowledge.