中国哲学的未来:中国哲学、西方哲学、马克思主义哲学的交流与互动(下)

林安梧强调,本质主义引起了方法学上的谬误与错置,治中西哲学不能陷入"本质主义"的圈套。例如,不能说中国人没有自由意志,先秦儒家就很重视自由意志,只是后人把它磨损掉了。他倡导"后新儒学",提出"约定主义",主张通过"五证"的方法回到原典,使中国文化在学习民主科学中起调节作用。欧阳康认为,哲学的本性就是对话,但在中国哲学界,马克思主义哲学曾经处于独尊地位,对话一度困难。1978年以后,哲学界最大的进步是哲学本性的恢复,走上了对话之路,中国马克思主义哲学有了自己学术化的发展方向,并且与"西马"相比具有自己的优势,但是还应继续倡导一种平等开放的心态。邓晓芒认为,我们现在还谈不上反本质主义,本质主义实际上是理性精神,是一切对话的平台,中国历来缺少它。儒家的自由意志只是现象,其本质上并不尊重自由意志,只是把规定好了的东西(如天道等)让人去选择。这些问题离开本质主义都说不清。郭齐勇认为,哲学最重要的本性是宇宙论式的终极关怀,这是中西哲学沟通的平台。中国哲学中的天道是自由意志的前提,而西方基督教的上帝、康德的"头上的星空和心中的道德律"同样也是前提。除了理性之外,"智的直觉"更重要,它是生命和实践的学问,与马克思实践哲学也是相通的。

The Future of Philosophy in China:A Intercommunion and Interaction of Chinese and Western and Marxist Philosophy

Lin Anwu emphasizes that the study of Chinese and Western philosophy should not run into the trap of "essentialism".For example,we can't say that Chinese have no free will,because the Confucianists of Pre-Qin Dynasty do attach importance to free will,which was just worn out by later generations.Lin put forward a "methodological conventionalism",claiming to return to the classical text by means of the "5 Arguments",and let Chinese culture play the part of adjustment in learning democracy and science,which is called "Post-New-Confucianism".Ouyang Kang reckons that the essence of philosophy is dialogue.Nevertheless,the monopoly of Marxism is found accountable for the barrier to dialogues of philosophies in China.The greatest improvement in Chinese philosophy after 1978 was recovery of philosophy essence,after which it stepped into the road of dialogue,and Marxist philosophy in China processed its own academic orientation,which had a merit over western Marxism.But a continued opening and equality was still demanded.Deng Xiaomang suggests that the essentialism is in fact rational spirit,which is a platform for every dialogue.Though all ages,China lacked this essentialism,not to say anti-essentialism.Confucian liberalism is superficial appearance,because essentially it does not respect free will,but offer chosen items(like Tian-tao) for them to choose.These become all obscure without essentialism.Guo Qiyong holds that the essence of philosophy is most importantly cosmologic ultimate thought,which is the platform of communication between western and Chinese philosophy.Not only Chinese Tian-tao,but also God in western Christianity and "the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me" of Kant,are preconditions of free will.In spite of ration,"intellectual intuition" is more important,which is the knowledge of life and practice,having much in common with Marxist praxis-philosophy.