论共同犯罪"意思联络"的客观预备性

共犯之间的"意思联络"在我国刑法通说中一直被认为是共同犯罪的主观因素,也有个别学者认为是共同犯罪构成要件之外的前提条件,鲜有人肯定其客观属性。与此同时,无论大陆刑法理论还是国内刑法理论大都承认"共谋"的客观属性,共谋也是一种行为,参与共谋而没有实行犯罪者也是正犯之一。"共谋"与"意思联络"并无本质区别,"意思联络"在内容上是共同犯罪的主观因素,而在形式上却是一种客观预备性行为。因而,参与"共谋"或"意思联络"便意味着实施了共同犯罪的预备活动,只是由于在实行过程中的分工的不同,可能构成组织犯、教唆犯、实行犯或者帮助犯。

On Objective Preliminaries of Intentional Connection for Joint Offense

the intentional connection among joint offenders has been thought of subjective factors for joint offense as a general explanation in Chinese Criminal Law,and some scholars considered it as the prerequisite conditions besides constitutive requirements for joint offense.Almost no scholars affirm its objective attribute.At the same time,both the theory of continental criminal law and the theory of domestic criminal law recognize the objective attribute of collusion,i.e.collusion is also an act.If a criminal joins collusion,but he does not commit a crime,he is one of the criminals,too.This paper believes that there is no substantial difference between "collusion" and "intentional connection": intentional connection is the subjective factor for joint offense in content,while it is an objectively preliminary act formally.Thus if one joins "collusion" or "intentional connection",which means he or she carries out a preliminary activity for joint offense,only due to different division of labor in the course of committing offense,he or she is in a position to be a criminal for organization,solicitation,performance or assistance.