对10年来中外学者关于苏联演变原因的评析

苏联演变是社会主义运动史上影响重大而又极其复杂的事件,对其根本原因的分析,可谓众说纷纭。10年来中外学者有关此问题的主要观点有“乌托邦说”、“原罪说”、“葬送说”、“和平演变说”、“民族矛盾说”、“上层自决说”、“经济没搞好说”、“斯大林模式说”、“错误路线说”、“意识形态说”、“抛弃说”、“历史合力说”等。这些观点,除了“乌托邦说”和“原罪说”明显地带有敌意和偏见外,其他说法都从不同的领域、不同的层次、不同的视角对苏联演变的原因作出了探讨,都含有正确的因素。但不可否认的是,在国内学术界的研究中,一直存在着把苏联演变当做我们党的中心工作和各个领域正面经验的反证去研究的现象,这就使我们的研究往往停留在浅层次和表面现象上,难以挖掘出反映事物本质的深层原因。事实上,苏联演变的根本原因,既不是斯大林模式的罪过,不是因为经济没搞好;也不是错误的改革路线和民族矛盾造成的;更不是由于工人阶级和苏联人民抛弃党等原因而导致的,而是以戈尔巴乔夫为代表的既得利益阶层的有意所为。苏联的演变是党内既得利益阶层推动的自觉过程。

Comments on and Analyses of Scholars' Views on the Causes of the Change of Social System in Soviet Union in the Past 10 Years

The change of social system in former Soviet Union was an extremelyinfluential and complicated event in socialist movement history. Quite differentviews have been raised in the past 10 years about its causes, among them are "utopians", "original sins", "peaceful changes", "national conflicts","high level autonomy","failure in economy","the fault of Stalin model","wrong line", "ideology","abandon", "synthetic forces of history", etc. Of these views, only "utopian" and "original sin" are obviously prejudiced while other views more or less explored the causes from different fields, layers and viewpoints,and contain reasonable elements. But undeniably in our country scholars have beentaking the study of the change in Soviet Union as a caution to our reform andcentral work. Naturally such studies rest merely on superficial level, not deep-going. In fact, the fundamental cause for the social system change in former Soviet Unionwas due neither to the fault of Stalin model nor to failure in economy nor to wrongreform line nor to national conflicts. The change took place not because theproletarian class and people of Soviet Union gave up the Party but because thebenefit-gained stratum within the Party headed by Gorbachev consciously acted insuch a way. Social system change in former Soviet Union was caused by theconscious promotion of the benefit-gained stratum within the Party.