论航空产品责任的承担主体及其归责原则

航空产品的设计者、航空器的制造者、销售者、维修者在不同环节以不同方式促成了航空器使用风险的传播与扩散,可能因各自附加到航空器上的瑕疵对其造成的航空事故承担产品责任,从而成为航空产品责任的承担主体。各类主体对于航空器缺陷的控制程度不同且在航空产业链中收益有别,根据国际司法实践、风险均衡及可期待性原则,各主体的归责原则应有所差别。在具体的制度设计上,航空产品设计者应当承担过错推定责任,航空器制造者和销售者应当承担严格责任,维修者应区别其对航空产品的一般性维修和改进性维修分别承担过错推定责任和严格责任。

OntheSubjectsBearingAviationProductLiabilityandtheDoctrineofLiabilityFixation

Designer of aviation product, manufacturer, seller and maintainer of aircraft participate in spread and diffusion of risks in different stages and ways while aircrafts are put into use. Therefore,all kinds of subjects may bear product liability for aviation accidents, caused by flaws that are respectively appended to aircraft by them. They could be the subjects of liabilities. However, considering the degrees of these kinds of subjects' control over aviation products are different and the benefits are different, according to international practice and factors such as balance of risks and interests, expectability, etc., the duties should be different. As far as the specific design of system, designer of product should bear constructive negligence liability, manufacturer and seller of aircrafts should bear strict liability, while maintainer should bear constructive negligence liability when they conduct ordinary maintenance, and strict liability when the maintenance is incremental.