近代甘青地区“土官“制度变迁简论

甘青“土官”制度包括土司制度、寺院制度和盟旗制度三种形态。这三种制度的形成路径，由具体历史阶段的民族关系所规定，反映了复杂的民族结构所产生的不同政治制度。以封地为基础的土官制度与郡县制不仅存在着利益冲突，还包含着社会发展水平的差异。把领地部族关系转变为州县对民户的统治关系，是改土归流变革的根本内容。而这在游牧民族的实施困难重重，反映了社会水平对制度改革的制约。但近代中国社会的变化，促成了甘青土官制度改革的急促与近代内容。土官所属的民族社会，经历了前所未有的跨越式变迁。

Change of "Tu-guan" system in Gansu and Qinghai in modern period

There are three kinds of models of ＂Tu-guan＂ system in Gansu and Qinghai--chieftain system, temple system and league system. These three kinds of systems, which are formed by different ethnic relationships, reflect different political systems in complicated ethnic structure. There are interest conflict and discrepancy of social development between ＂Tu-guan＂ system and county-system. The essential content of the reform is to change the relationship between territory and tribe to the relationship between officials and citizens. It is very difficuh to make the change in nomadic tribes because of the limitation of the social level. Anyhow, the social changes of modern China promote the change of modern ＂Tu-guan＂ system. Ethnic society with ＂Tu-guan＂ system experienced over-lapping change in the history.