20世纪国外学者关于中东近代史开端的争论

中东近代史开端问题一直是国外学界争论的重大问题。传统的东方主义者根据很有影响的"冲击与反应"模式,认为拿破仑入侵(1798)标志着中东近代史的开端,这种外源论与18世纪奥斯曼衰落论一起构成了中东史研究的学术正统;世界体系论认为非西方也是世界历史组成部分,提出用全球史观研究世界史和地区史,中东近代史开端发生在特殊的历史环境中;修正派则提出中东近代史开端的内源论,试图从中东社会内部寻找该地区近代化的前提条件;调和派即新修正派提出近代化的多元多线论,主张客观地评价外源论和内源论各自合理的成分,正确处理两者之间的关系。四种不同的中东近代史开端论反映了学界对近东近代化历程认识的不断深入。

Debates on the Invasion of Napoleon as the Beginning of the Modern Era in the Middle East

The beginning of the Modern Era in the Middle East has been the focus of the debate in the studies of Middle East history.The Orientalists insisted that the impact of the West was the main cause of the modernization of Middle East.The Modern Period in the Middle East was ushered in by Napoleon's invasion in 1798.While the revisionist raised serious doubts about the above theory,finding the roots of modernity in the region itself.They revealed significant changes had taken place before the arrival of Napoleon.Dror Ze'evi put forth the third option,viewing modernity itself as a set of historical phenomena created mainly by and through the encounter of the west and Middle East.