章学诚“史德”说新解

"史德"是《文史通义》中颇受重视的一个概念,以往对"史德"惯常有两种解释:一指为客观主义,即客观地对待史实;一视为封建伦理主义思想体系和封建伦理道德。把《史德》一篇与《文史通义》全书反复出现的一些主题联系在一起研究可以发现,"史德"不是指对史事诚实,而是指史家对自己要诚实。"尽其天而不益以人"指史家要发扬"天性",不能屈从"他人",也不能滑向过度"主观"。章学诚的"史德"说不是主张"客观主义"而恰恰在"客观主义"的对立面,他是站在"个体知识"的立场上,在承认史家"自我—授权"的前提下,以"史德"的自律来保证史家主观在合法限度之内。

Another Interpretation of Zhang Xuecheng's Virtue of Historical Study

The concept of virtue of historical study in Zhang Xuecheng's WenShi TongYi is commonly interpreted as either objectivity or feudal moral ethics.This article tries to break a new ground in pointing out it means being true to oneself as well as historical facts on the account of historians.According to Zhang Xuecheng,historians are supposed to bring forth one's own inherent nature rather than succumb to arbitrariness.To be exact,his concept is founded on the opposite of objectivity.From the perspective of personal knowledge,he advocated historian's subjectivity under the due constraint of virtue of historical study.