承继与发展:司马迁与董仲舒的学术关联

董仲舒和司马迁的学术思想在多个方面有着相同或相通的认识,但认识获得的途径则完全不同。在政治观上,二者旨在构建一套维护封建皇权的“大一统”理论。董仲舒从经学入手,利用史学和天人感应思想创建了“大一统”理论;司马迁则是从汉初以前的历史发展过程中得出统一是大势所趋的认识。在历史观上,两人都承认历史是发展变化的。变易论成为董仲舒变革思想的历史根据;司马迁则通过对历史发展不同阶段之特点的分析,得出了这一规律性认识。在社会观方面,都积极主张安民、保民,目的是为了维护汉王朝的统治。董仲舒借用儒学的影响力,将儒学与阴阳五行学说结合起来,通过对历史现象的归纳来阐述自己的思想,并把它塞进了神学的外壳之中;司马迁则是通过对历史过程的考察,利用抽绎的方法来表述历史发展的客观规律和自己对社会发展的独到见解,形成了一套较为完整、科学的思想体系,但其思想的一些内容则已以一种隐含的形式存在于董仲舒的学术思想体系中。

Inheriting and Developing: The Conjunction of Sima Qian and Dong Zhonshu in the Respect of Learning

The learning thoughts of Dong Zhongshu and Sima Qian were similar to each other in many similar and common understanding aspects. But the way to understanding was totally different. In political perspective, both the two established the theory of 'great unification', which was on the purpose of defending feudal imperial power.. Dong Zhongshu established it from Confucianism by use of historical theory and the thought of that Heaven and man respond to each other; while Sima Qian established it from the historical developing course before the primary period of Han dynasty. In historical perspective, both they two admitted the history is developing and changing. But the variability became the historical base of Doong Zhongshu's reform thought; while Sima Qian got this theory by analysis of the feature of the different steps in the course of history development. With respect to the perspective of social outlook, both they two advocated reassuring public order, whose aim was defending the rule of Han dynasty. Dong Zhongshu expounded his thought by combining Confucian theory with yin yang (female and male) and five-element theory and summing up the history phenomenon, meanwhile put it into the shell of theology; while Sima Qian formed a set of quite complete thought system and scientific thought system by use of detective method to inspect the history course, state the objective laws of the history development and his unique understanding of history development, but some of his thought content had existed in Dong Zhongshu's learning thought system in a concealed form.