“应得”传统的历史叙事

对“应得”概念的讨论可以追溯至古希腊时期。亚里士多德等人认为所谓“应得”是根据公民的“德性”分配公共职务，启蒙运动宣扬的自由、平等与民主等理念改变了“应得”的历史传统，它赋予公民以“自治”和权利意识，让人们意识到可以依凭个体的自主行动来“应得”社会的基本益品。当代正义理论家罗尔斯等人区分了“应得”和“反应得”，将超出个人控制、受运气因素影响的“应得”（如自然天赋、社会地位等）排除在分配正义之外。罗尔斯等人的区分深化了“应得”理论的思考。当代社会对“应得”的讨论还进一步扩展到人类与动物、当代人与未来世代以及民族国家和全球共同体之间。

The Historical Narrative of the Tradition of Desert

“Desert”, which has a long history , is one of the most important words in distributive justice . In ancient Greece , the word was described as “merit” in the context of Aristotle , but it is described as“deserve” in modern society .It should be noted that people were said to be based on virtue to merit public affairs in ancient days , which is different from that people are said to be based on rational thinking to deserve social basic goods today .From these differences , we can conclude that , the history of desert is a history of change form ancient merit to modern desert , whose change is closely related to the enlightment movement .In 20 th century , John Rawls and many other political philosophers have deepened the study of desert .And nowadays some new topics about global desert have been issued .