宋代土贡制度考略——以常贡为中心

土贡是中国封建社会一项重要的经济制度。它起源于夏代,完善于唐代。宋代的土贡亦是在前朝的基础上发展而来。宋代土贡分为"常贡"与"杂贡"两类,"常贡"是其中最具稳定性和典型性的形式。它一般由户部进行管理,以州一级的行政单位来征收。土贡的贡物通常是通过官府收购、官办手工业制造、专门贡户生产及强行役使民众制作等途径获得,转运使负责在每年年底前运送到京城,太府寺负责其入库及支用。

Discussion on System of Paying Tribute of Local Products in the Song Dynasty

The system of paying tribute of local products was an important economic system in the feudal society.The system originated in the Xia Dynasty and was perfected in the Tang Dynasty.The system had two forms:Changgong and Zagong,the former is the most stable and typical one which is governed by the Ministry of Revenue and collected by the state.The tribute was usually prepared in the following ways:purchased by the government,made by the official handicraft industry,manufactured by the professional tribute workers.The tribute was delivered to the capital by the end of each year by Forwarding Magistrates.