被害人样态刑法地位之证成——以中国传统四要件犯罪构成体系为切入点

在中国传统犯罪构成理论下,四要件与阻却事由是并列关系,由于但书的存在,犯罪成立甚至需要进行3次评价,加之四要件只是符合与否的判断而没有程度的考量,导致被害人过错、被害人同意、被害人特殊状况等被害人样态被散布于四要件、阻却事由、但书、酌定量刑情节中讨论,无法统一在四要件体系中找到其应有的地位,其影响刑法评价的根据变得扑朔迷离。实际上,如果对四要件体系的内涵做实质性和扩张性解释,把违法阻却事由、社会关系破坏程度、主观恶性大小等内容涵摄于客观方面、客体、主观方面,那么被害人样态在犯罪构成体系中就拥有相应的地位,其影响刑法评价也就有了统一的根据。

Justification on the Position of Victim's Pattern-Take the Four-element Crime Constitution as the Start Point

Under the traditional crime constitution theory in our country, the four-element and anti-law negates is a parallel relationship, even because of the existence of proviso, establishment of a crime need for a three evaluation, and judgment of the four element is only in compliance with or not and no degree of consideration, lead to the victim''s fault, the victim''s consent, the victim''s special status is distributed in four elements, anti-law negates, provisos, the discretionary circumstances of sentencing, and can not find its proper position in the system of four-element crime constitution, and basis of how the victim''s pattern affect criminal law evaluation becomes confusing. In fact, if the connotation of the four elements of the system to do a substantial and expansive interpretation, anti-law negates, damage degree of social relationship, and subjective malignant, big or small, are contained in objective aspect, object, subjective aspect, so the victim''s pattern has the corresponding status in the crime system, its effect in the criminal law also has a unified basis.