论斯马特的行动功利主义

斯马特坚持效果论的一元论 ,认为首先必须评价行为的效果 ,然后根据对效果的评价再去评价产生效果的行动。斯马特依据效果一元论否定密尔回到边沁 ,认为任何快乐都没有质的区分而只有量的大小之分。斯马特依此否定了精神快乐优于感性快乐的论点 ,表明了现代人精神生活的内在危机。斯马特将普遍化仁慈作为功利主义的道德基础 ,强调最大化的总体的善而不诉诸正义 ,从而使得行动功利主义在整体上有着非正义的特征 ,即为了普遍化的仁慈而可以为任何暴行辩护。

On Action Utilitarianism of J. J. C. Smart

J.J.C.Smart insists that monism of consequence which holds firstly to evaluate the consequence of action, then to evaluate action as such. Smart considers , according to monism, there is no distinction in quality of any happiness, and only there is distinction in quantity of one, so that Smart refuses Mill's theory of utilitarianism and comes back to J. Bentham. What is more, Smart further refuse the idea of spirit happiness over sensual happiness, which indicates inter crisis of spirit life. Smart takes generalized benevolence as the foundation of utilitarianism, emphasizes total good other than justice, which indicates the character of non justice of action utilitarianism, namely, the theory can justified any outrage action.