英语信息结构和指称已知性/未知性：语法和非语法限定

诸如＂话题＂＂焦点＂和＂话语指称物的认知状态＂,这些归属于信息结构的范畴,在某种意义上与已知和未知信息的分布相关。有些信息结构特性可用语法限定来解释,而另一些可归因于对信息被加工和传达的方式的非语法限定。已知—未知信息有两个不同意义：指称性意义和关系性意义。有些现象,不管是指称意义还是关系意义,必须在语法中得到解释,而另一些现象则是不一定被表征于语法中的语用效果,因其为语言系统与制约交际中推理过程的一般语用原则的相互作用所引起。

Information Structure and Referential Givenness/Newness: Grammatical and Non-grammatical Constraints

Such concepts as ＂topic＂,＂focus＂ and ＂cognitive status of discourse referents＂,which belong to categories of information structure,relate in some sense to the distribution of given and new information.Some information structural properties are best accounted for by grammatical constraints while others can be attributed to non-linguistic constraints on the way information is processed and communicated.Given-new information has two different senses,one referential and the other relational.Some phenomena belonging to each of these senses must be accounted for in the grammar,while others are pragmatic effects that do not have to be represented in the grammar,since they result from interaction of the language system with general pragmatic principles that constrain inferential processes involved in communication.