社会保障制度演进规律及其在中国的体现

通过对社会保障制度三阶段演进规律的阐述,认为中国目前社会保障制度建设处于从实现全覆盖的制度诞生期向实现公平性的制度成长期转变过程,随着人均社会保障支付水平的提高和老龄化社会的到来,巨额社会保障资金收支缺口所引发的社会保障制度财务不可持续性危机,将成为中国未来经济社会发展面临的不可回避的重大难题;中国应坚持"保基本"、"多路径"的重要原则,借鉴美国401(k)税前收入供款的经验,建立雇主和雇员共同缴费的积累式、保险型供款的个人账户基金制;形成包括个人账户资金、企业年金、社会慈善资金、商业保险资金、政府战略性调节资金等在内的基金体系;培育以政府为主导、专业投资公司为主体的基金保值、增值运营体系,实现从"人口红利"向"资本红利"的转型;并指出此举是防范社会保障制度财务不可持续性危机的有效路径。

Discipline of Social Security System and Its Embodiment in China

It is revealed that the development of modern social security system all over the world obeys the three-stage rule.The three stages include the periods of establishment,development and maturity of the system.When the system is established,it is universally accepted and backed by all social groups as the system provides them with security and welfare from scratch.As the system develops,problems arise that different social groups cannot enjoy the same security benefits,which requires the main aim of the system development to improve the welfare and benefits for all social groups.During the period of system maturity,huge gap comes out of the balance of payments of social security for the rise in welfare benefits and the rigidity of social security expenditure.At present,the construction of China′s social security system is under the transition from the period of system establishment aimed to complete full coverage to the period of system development aimed to realize equality.Along with the improvement of the average social security payments and the arrival of an aging era,the non-sustainable financial crisis of the social security system triggered by the huge gap in the balance of payments of the social security fund will become an unavoidable pressing thorny problem faced by the future social and economic development.So,China should adhere to the important principle of ′securing basics′ and ′funding through multiple paths,and establish the accumulation mode of joint payment between employees and employers and the personal account fund mode of insurance contributions by learning from the experience in 401(k) plans in the United States to contribute from pre-tax incomes and form a security fund system encompassing personal account contributions,enterprise annuity,social charitable funds,commercial insurance funds,government′s strategic adjustment funds,etc.It is necessary to nurture a fund management system that is government-oriented and professional investment corporations-dominated to realize the transition from demographic dividend to capital dividend.All mentioned above is an effective way to prevent the non-sustainable financial crisis for the social security system.