近代中国煤矿发展述论

近代中国煤矿的标志主要有两个:一是在提升、排水、通风等煤炭生产的主要环节采用以蒸汽机为动力的机械;二是在生产和管理等方面或多或少地采用了资本主义的经营管理方式。近代煤矿经历了起步、发展等阶段,经历了煤炭工业机械化水平不断提高、煤矿数量不断增加、新的组织形式不断涌现的一个连续发展的过程。中外资本大量投入中国的煤炭业,中国出现了外资煤矿、中外合资煤矿、国家资本煤矿、民营资本煤矿等多种形式的企业组织。在近代中国,一方面煤炭工业有了较大的发展,一方面在帝国主义和封建势力的压迫和排挤之下又难以顺利的发展。整个近代煤炭工业的发展历程和不同时期面临的问题,堪称中国近代历史的缩影。

A Review of the Coal-Mine Development in Modern China

In modern China, there are two main symbols in coal mine industry. According to the first, some links, such as hoisting, draining water, ventilating etc, started to adopt the mechanism driven by the steam engine. Secondly, in some aspects, take production and management for instance, the capitalism pattern was more or less accepted by them. Then after starting and preliminary developing, modern coal industry made great progress. In addition, more and more coal-mine appeared with the new organization emerging in large numbers. Not Chinese but foreigners’capital were invested into this industry. Some company organization, for example, foreign capital company, joint capital company, state-owned company and even the private company growed up one after another. In modern China, on the one hand, the coal industry developed quickly; on the other hand, however, they were limited under the pressures of empirism and feudalism. In a word, the whole process of modern coal industry and the problems with it can be rated as an epitome in modern China.