朝鲜阳明学派的形成与东亚三国阳明学的定位

朝鲜朝时期(1392-1910),在退溪学的主导下通过对阳明学的辨斥,才形成了不同于中、日两国阳明学的独特的朝鲜阳明学派.就学术个性而言,朝鲜所接受的阳明学比较接近中国北方的阳明学,而日本所接受的阳明学则较为接近南方阳明学.比较而言,中国的阳明学发展到后来,已从政治层面深入到民间社会,与平民教育相结合,走的是政治化加世俗化的普世主义的发展路径;日本的阳明学起先只是掌握在儒学教师个人手中的文化知识,后来为了实际的需要而逐渐成为武士阶层手中的思想武器,走的是学问化加功利化的文化民族主义的发展路径.而朝鲜的阳明学从一开始就是作为与佛教禅宗相混同的异端思想被引进的,因而是在垄断性的主流意识形态的辨斥声中被官方和民间艰难地接受和传布的,走的是如何适应以程朱理学为绝对权威的类似原教旨主义的发展路径.

The Formation of the Korean Yang-ming-hsueh and the Orientation of Yang-Ming-hsueh of Three Eastern Asian Countries

The Korean Yang-ming-hsueh School came into being in the Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910). The formation of this school is the process of being selectively Koreanized through animadverting under the leadership of T'oegye Hsueh. It is this type of school that has been different from the Chinese and the Japanese Yang-ming-hsueh. In terms of its academic characteristics, Yang-mign-hsueh accepted by Korea is comparatively close to the northern Yang-ming-hsueh in China, while Yang-ming-hsueh accepted by Japan is close to the southern Yang-ming-hsueh in China. The reason why the Korean Yang-ming School has remained undeveloped since its introduction is that the Yang Ming School in north China and its theoretical characteristics have not very well developed. Comparatively speaking, the Chinese Yang Ming School has gone into the folk society from the political layer in its late period, integrating with the folk education. The way taken by the Chinese Yang Ming School was of political and mundane universalism. The Japanese Yang-ming-hsueh was pure knowledge in the control of Confucian teachers or scholars at the beginning, and later, gradually became the ideological weapon by the samurai, who took the course of a cultural nationalism characterized by being both academic and utilitarian. However, Yang-ming-hsueh was introduced into Korea just as a kind of heterodoxy interblended with Chan Buddhism. It was received and spread by the government and the common people in difficult conditions in which the dominant ideology monopolized the whole country. Therefore, the Korean Yang-ming-hsueh couldn't have survived without adapting itself into Neo-Confucianism, which was worshipped as the absolute authority-omething like fundamentalism.