回归自主与放权社会：中国农村养老治理实践

当下中国农村养老已逐渐形成了由政府、个人和家庭、社会、市场等多元力量共同参与治理的格局,但养老供给主体间的良性互动尚未达成,面临着治理的双层运作、治理的分块运行以及养老秩序的陷落等结构性困境,并由此带来了供需脱节、养老极化以及社会离散等风险。对此,各地在养老治理中不断探索出“政府+村社”、“政府+乡村精英+家庭”、“政府+市场”、“合作社+家庭”等一些具有地方特色的养老模式,社会、家庭以及个人在养老中的作用越来越突出,但仍需政府合理放权、加强社会动员和增加农民自主选择的空间。

Rural endowment; Social governance; Self-endowment; Endowment demand

At present, Chinese rural endowment has been gradually formed a governance structure jointly participated by multiple forces including government, individual and family, social and of market. However, the benign interaction between the various endowment suppliers has not yet been reached, and some structural difficulties such as double functioning governance, block run governance and collapsed endowment order have appeared, which also has caused risks of disconnection between supply and demand, endowment polarization and social dispersion. In response to this dilemma structure, the local governments has explored some endowment governance model with local characteristics, such as "government village", "rural elite government family", "Government market" and "cooperative family". The role of society, family and the individual increasingly have become more and more prominent, but the government still needs to decentralize reasonably, strengthen social mobilization and increase the space of farmers'' independent choice.