审美的政治转向和马克思主义对悲剧的政治研究

当下所强调的审美的政治转向并不是对统治阶级可以运用审美的力量来维护自身统治的再次强调, 或是通过揭示让被统治阶级看清社会权力的运作而识别意识形态的虚幻性; 而是关注那些根本没有资格进入平等 ／不平等、 控制 ／反控制权力关系的群体, 通过审美或艺术手段, 在改变人的感觉方式时让我们看到、 读到、 感觉到这些非主体的存在, 重新思考权力的分配和享用。 ２０ 世纪之后, 现代悲剧不再仅仅作为一种戏剧形式, 而是作为一种美学观念繁盛一时。 作为美学观念的悲剧决不是认识的, 而是在更情感、 更直觉的审美层次上达成的认同。 由此, 马克思主义对悲剧的研究和阐发总是基于一种政治的维度。 在这种政治维度的关怀下, 马克思主义对悲剧的研究跳离了以往亚里士多德式的研究框架, 回到悲剧最先的仪式表演中以获得对悲剧的元认识, 因而注重的是悲剧的语境研究、 悲剧事件的真理性呈现以及悲剧情感中的政治学分析, 并将悲剧与社会性危机、悲剧与真理、 悲剧与政治联结起来。 马克思主义对悲剧的政治性分析意在揭示悲剧中所包含的新的感受和反应, 培养新的情感结构和社会关系, 从而在介入日常生活中发挥着不可替代的政治功用。

Political turn in aesthetics and Marxist political studies of tragedy

The current political turn in aesthetics is not the reemphasis on the ruling class''s maintaining its rule with the power of aesthetics, nor the revealing of its understanding of the operation of social power or the ideological illusoriness, but on the groups who have no qualification for the power relations of equality/inequality, control/anti-control, as well as the reconsideration of the distribution and enjoyment of power through aesthetics or art by means of understanding and experiencing the existence of such marginalized subjects in a different way. Since the 20th century, the modern tragedy has not been regarded only as a form of drama, but as a flourishing aesthetic concept, which is not a kind of understanding but an aesthetic recognition at the emotional and conceptual levels. Thus, the Marxist study and exposition of tragedy is always based on a political dimension. With this political dimension, the Marxist studies of tragedy have transcended the Aristotelian research framework, and tried to get its meta-cognition from the original ritual performance of tragedy, which pays attention to the research context of tragedy, its representation of truth and the political analysis of the tragic emotions, as well as its connections with social crises, truth and politics. This Marxist approach to tragedy aims to reveal the new feelings and reactions contained in tragedy and cultivate new emotional structures and social relations, which play an irreplaceable political role in our daily life.