Needed sociological research on the de-escalation of wars

This paper raises a series of questions regarding the de-escalation of wars. It distinguishes between three types of groups that engage in wars: (a) states, (b) insurgents, and (c) peoples, and suggests that wars between different combinations of these three groups follow different patterns of de-escalation. It raises questions regarding the dynamics of de-escalation processes, the roles of different participants, and various types of de-escalation formulae. It concludes with a discussion of special data-gathering problems involved in studying the de-escalation of wars.