全球种子：贸易格局与国际竞争力评价

从贸易规模、贸易对象、贸易价格和市场结构等方面,分析2021年新种子法修订后种子贸易格局，运用国际市场占有率、贸易竞争力和出口价格指数等评价种子国际竞争力，并探讨种子贸易格局与国际竞争力之间的关系。研究发现，全球大田作物类种子贸易呈逆差，少数国家粮食安全问题严峻；花卉类种子贸易互补性较强；蔬菜类种子出口国的龙头种企发挥主导作用。中国农作物种子进口市场结构趋于垄断化，而种子出口市场寡占、竞争和分散三种态势并存。进一步研究发现，与世界主要国家相比，中国种子国际竞争力较弱，并受诸多因素影响，其中外生因素包括技术性贸易措施、税收制度、贸易规则等，内生因素包括农作物种子的品质性状、种粮比效益等。因此，为促进中国农作物种业国际化发展以及种子更好地“引进来”和“走出去”，应建立健全检疫监管体系、推动种子进口来源多元化、加强良种培育科技创新、监测管控种子进口价格以及鼓励跨国育种、海外制种等。

Global Seeds: Trade Patterns and Evaluation of International Competitiveness

This paper analyzed the seed trade pattern from the aspects of trade scale, trade object, trade price and market structure after the revision of the New Seed Law in 2021, using the international market share, trade competitiveness and export price index to evaluate the international competitiveness of seeds, and discussing the relationship between the seed trade pattern and international competitiveness. The study found that the global field crop seed trade is in deficit, and a few countries have severe food security problems; flower seed trade is highly complementary; leading seed companies in vegetable seed exporting countries play a leading role. The structure of China''s crop seed import market tends to be monopolized; while there also coexists oligopoly, competition and fragmentation in the seed export market. Further research found that compared with major countries in the world, the international competitiveness of Chinese seeds is relatively weak, and is affected by exogenous factors such as technical trade measures, taxation system, trade rules, etc., and endogenous factors including the quality traits of crop seeds, benefit of growing grain, etc. Therefore, in order to promote the international development of China''s crop seed industry, it is necessary to establish a sound quarantine supervision system, promote the diversification of seed import sources, strengthen the technological innovation of improved seed cultivation, and monitor and control seed import. Price and encourage cross-border breeding, overseas seed production, etc.