环境健康风险视域下环境标准的理性反思与规范

环境健康事件呈量级增长给环境法律制度的价值选择与变革带来巨大影响。构建环境健康法律制度体系推进环境保护工作从环境管理转向健康管理,防治环境污染引发的公众健康损害,已成为环境法治的重要任务。环境法具体制度的实施须以环境标准的有效适用作为检验标准,如征收超标排污费、环境监测等,没有标准作为准则的制度定然会走向制度的异化。现行环境标准暴露的问题包括环境标准的技术依据与科学理性脱节、环境标准的规制范围与实际需求错位、环境标准的安全限值无法匹配健康阈值、环境标准程序设计无法与公众参与有效衔接等四个方面。基于风险社会理论探析聚集性、弥散性两种环境健康风险规制样态,应当寻求“环境健康风险”下环境法治的逻辑,遵循“健康风险”导向下“基于科学”和“基于民主”的两种维度,探究健康本位、科学合理、权力权利衡平三重弥合的环境标准制度:以“健康+生态基准”的体系模式推动环境标准之技术支撑、以“成本收益分析+健康界限”的双重嵌入保障环境标准可行性、以“权力与权利的衡平”实现环境标准的科学规范、以“回应机制”力求环境标准的可接受性。

Rational Reflection and Normative Approach to Environmental Standards under the Perspective of Environmental Health Risks

The increase in environmental health events has a huge impact on the value choice and reform in the current environmental legal system. Constructing an environmental health legal system to promote environmental protection from environmental management to health management, preventing and controlling public health damage caused by environmental pollution has become an important task of environmental law. The implementation of many specific legal systems in the environmental rule of law must be based on the effective application of environmental standards, such as the collection of excessive sewage charges, environmental monitoring, etc., the system without standards as a guideline will certainly move towards institutional alienation. The problems exposed by current environmental standards include the technical basis of environmental standards and the disconnection of scientific rationality, the regulatory scope of environmental standards and the misalignment of actual needs, the safety limits of environmental standards cannot match the health margin, and the environmental standard programming cannot effectively link with public participation. Based on the analysis of risk society theory to analyze the two types of environmental health risk regulation, clustering and dispersing, we should seek the logic of environmental rule of law under“environmental health risk” and follow the two directions of “science-based” and “democracy-based” under the guidance of “health risk”, to explore the environmental standard system of health-based, scientific and reasonable, and balance of power and rights:“health + ecological benchmark” system model promotes the technical support of environmental standards, double-embeds the“cost-benefit analysis + health boundaries” to ensure the feasibility of environmental standards, achieves the scientific standard of environmental standards with “equity of power and rights”,and the acceptance of environmental standards with the “response mechanism”.