清代山东耕地地亩种类辨析

清代耕地地亩分类较为繁杂，也一直是学界涉及较少的领域。在清代，南方和北方土地种类的划分方式有所差异，地亩类型的分类也有所不同。清代山东是北方比较有代表性的直省，地亩种类较多，各种名目的地亩达二十余种。基于对清代山东各州县志的系统性查阅、梳理与归类，根据成因、用途与税赋等因素的不同，文章将清代山东各类地亩区分为大粮、荒田、更名、学卫、其他共五大类属，通过对山东地区地亩种类的辨析，可以较为系统地了解清代山东乃至北方地区的耕地地亩分类，辨析不同地亩名目的起源与实质，以便于更为准确地区分不同地亩的性质，更为清晰地辨识耕地地亩的类属，乃至更为有效地统计清代山东地区的耕地面积。

Analysis of Types and Acres of Cultivated Land in Shandong in the Qing Dynasty

The types and acres of cultivated land in the Qing Dynasty is a complicated issue, and few has been involved in the academic field. In the Qing Dynasty, the division of land types was quite different in the south and the north of China, so was the classification record of cultivated land. Shandong at that time was a direct province typical in north China, where there were many kinds of cultivated land, whose inconsistent names amount to over twenty. Based on the systematic research, sorting and classification of the county annals of Shandong in the Qing Dynasty, the cultivated land of Shangdong can be divided into five categories according to different causes, purposes and taxes and other factors: Daliang, Huangtian, Gengming, Xuewei and others. Analyzing the types of cultivated land in Shandong helps people to understand systematically the cultivated land classification in Shandong and other northern areas, to discriminate the origin and essence of different cultivated lands, to distinguish accurately the different nature of the cultivated lands, and to count effectively the cultivated land area of Shandong in the Qing Dynasty.