土地使用权出让合同的混合属性解析及其司法救济适用——基于双阶理论的思考与修正

国有土地使用权出让合同因其"民事或行政"属性的不同理解,在其纠纷的救济适用上产生了私法或公法模式的冲突问题,而消解问题的关键在于对其合同属性作出恰当解析。结合"双阶理论"的分析及本土化的适用,出让合同具有双阶段的混合属性,即以合同的签订为界分,第一阶段为归于公法属性的土地出让行政许可阶段,第二阶段为本质属私法属性的出让合同签订履行阶段。基于此,经过可行性分析与案例检验,"行政救济+民事救济"的阶段性混合救济模式即得到初步构建,避免了单种救济模式在权益保护上的失衡。此外,对于"第二阶段完全纳入民事救济",还应有"识别其公法要素"的修正,即将"对合同履行监管的行政制裁"剥离,纳入行政救济的范畴。

Analysis of Mixed Attributes of Land Use Right Transfer Contract and Its Application of Judicial Remedy: Thinking and Correction Based on Two-stage Theory

The contract of state-owned land use right transfer is faced with the conflict of private law or public law mode in the settlement of its dispute because of its different understanding of "civil or administrative" attributes, and the key to dispelling the problem is to properly analyze its contract attributes.Combined with the analysis of "two-order theory" and its application of localization, the contract has the mixed nature of two-stage, that is, the signing of the contract as a boundary, the first stage is the land transfer administrative license stage belongs to the nature of public law,the second stage is the contract signing performance phase is essentially private law nature.Based on this, after feasibility analysis and case test, the mixed relief mode of "administrative relief and civil relief" is initially constructed, which avoids the imbalance of the single relief mode in the protection of rights and interests.In addition, "the second phase is fully integrated into civil relief" should be amended to "identify the elements of its public law", that is, "administrative sanctions for the supervision of contract performance" should be incorporated into administrative relief.