从“愈合的股骨”阐释看两种人学观与历史观之分野

英国人类学家和考古学家对原始部落遗址中“愈合的股骨”的阐释，涉及到人性生成这个古老的学术问题。原始人类对失去劳动能力的伤、病、残、老人产生了怜悯心理，这无疑是人类由野蛮迈向文明的重大进步，但是将其归结为原始人类开始懂得了怜悯，这就是把因果关系本末倒置了。历史唯物主义深刻地揭示了历史发展客观规律：人类由野蛮社会进化到文明社会的动力和根据，不应该用人类的情感、道德、人性来解释，而应该到人类的生产实践中、到社会经济关系中给予说明。人类不是因懂得了怜悯而进入文明社会，而是在文明社会渐次到来的过程中才逐渐懂得了怜悯。从“愈合的股骨”阐释中折射出两种历史观对人性阐释之根本对立，其焦点在于：到底是用历史解释人性还是用人性解释历史。唯心史观用人性解释历史，唯物史观则用历史解释人性。

View on the Division of Two Humanisms and Historical Views from the Prospect of the Healing Thigh-Bone

British anthropologist and archaeologist’s interpretation on site “primitive tribes in healing of femoral”interpretation of human nature involves the generation of this ancient academic problems.The power,according to the barbaric society evolved into the civilized society,should not use the human emotion,morality,human nature to explain,but should be to the production practice of human society,and the social economic relations are given.Human beings are not,due to understand compassion,enter the civilized society,because the process of civilization gradually comes to gradual mercy.The interpretation is done of the history of human idealism,and materialist conception of history in historical interpretation of human nature.