明清时期府县官对上政务运作

明清时期对府县官实行多头领导,面对众多的上司,除了朝廷规定的政务工作程序之外,还有非制度规定的手段,使对上政务运作变得复杂。府县官对上政务运作主要通过文书实现,不同的文书应用到不同的政务,既有典章制度的规定,也有人为的技巧,以至文牍盛行,务虚而不务实的工作作风直接影响到地方治理的效果。除了文书之外,府县官晋见上司也是常态,这原本是政务处理最便捷的方式,但在上下不能够同心的情况下,往往成为互相猜度的角斗场。建言既给予府县官以直接向君主陈说的机会,也给他们带来风险。条陈既能够反映本地的问题,也能够显示出府县官的才能,却难免泛泛空言。府县官对上政务运作必须使用权术,事上成为工作重点。

Government Affairs Operation between P refecture and County officials and Their Superiors in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

In the Qing Dynasty,prefectures and counties were led by multiple heads.In the face of numerous superiors,in addition to the administrative work procedures stipulated by the court,there were also non-institutional means,which made the operation of administrative affairs complicated.The operation of government affairs between prefecture and county officials and their superiors is mainly realized through documents.Different documents were applied to different government affairs,in which there were rules and regulations as well as man-made skills.As a result,there appeared the prevalence of paperwork,and the retreat but not pragmatic work style directly affected the effect of local governance.In addition to documents,it was normal for prefectural and county officials to see their superiors,which was originally the most convenient way to deal with government affairs,but when the upper and lower levels could not be of the same mind,it often became a arena of mutual guessing.Making suggestions and presentation by items gives the prefectural and county officials the opportunity to speak directly to the monarch,but also brings them risks,for it can not only reflect local problems,but also show the talents of the officials,and it is hard to avoid general and empty words.Prefectural and county officials have to use political trickery in the operation of government affairs and serving the superiors has become the focus of work.