包世臣的荒政思想：衰世中的民生关怀

包世臣是鸦片战争前后杰出的经世思想家之一。他了解灾情，深悉其害；褒扬循吏，反对讳灾；立足政治高度，把握荒政要领。鸦片战争前，他指出烟、酒、鸦片是使人民穷困而不能防灾的直接原因，建议陆续稳慎地控制烟酒经营，并严禁鸦片输入；战后，他较早认识到帝国主义侵略是导致民贫而难以救荒的重要因素。他的荒政专论筹划周密：政法方面，他主张缓刑，同时加强治安，严惩粥赈舞弊，注重用人；社工方面，他建议利用富户捐赈，调节贫富对立；经济方面，他讲究救荒物质的掌握、采买，精打细算；技术方面，他精心考虑粥赈、平粜的程序，总结麦米加工方法。这些思想，表现了他对衰世民生的深切关怀。

Bao Shichen's Thoughts on Disaster Relief:Concern for the People's Livelihoodin the Declining Period

Bao Shichen was a great practice-oriented thinker pre-and post-the Opium War period.He knew well the situations of a disaster and its consequences.He praised some excellent local officials and opposed covering up disaster.He could look at the essentials of the thoughts of disaster relief from a political perspective.Before the Opium War,he pointed out that tobacco,wine and opium were the direct causes of people's poverty and incapability to prevent a disaster.He proposed that the selling of tobacco and wine should be put under proper control,and that the import of opium should be forbidden.After the war,he realized that the capitalist aggression was an important factor leading to the people's poverty and the incapablity to relieve disasters.His monograph on the thoughts of disaster relief was comprehensive and well-planned.On the aspect of policies and law,he claimed the probation of criminals,the strengthening of public security,the severe punishment of malpractices in porridge relief,and proper use of talents.On the aspect of social work,he proposed that rich families ought to be utilized for relief donations in order to narrow the gaps between the poor and the rich.On the aspect of economy,he strived for the mastering and purchasing of relief materials,and adapted a policy of careful calculation and strict budgeting.On the aspect of technology,he thought elaborately about the program of porridge relief and grain price balance,and reviewed the method to process grain.These thoughts showed his deep concern for the people's livelihood during the declining period.