数字经济时代数据生产要素化的经济分析

继农业经济时代、工业经济时代之后,人类已进入数字经济时代,数据成为继土地、劳动、资本等之后的又一重要生产要素。数字经济时代,数据生产要素化的原因、难点以及由此产生的数字经济核算问题值得深入研究。研究发现,数据作为数字化的载体,具有非竞争性、边际成本趋近于零和价值存在不确定性等特征;在影响经济增长的机制上,应建立数据要素与其他生产要素的协同联动机制、数据要素的市场化配置机制和反垄断机制。数据所有权的模糊、数据的可复制性和信息悖论导致了数据资产确权、交易和定价的困难。数据生产要素化过程中,数字经济面临统计挑战,传统GDP核算方法会产生GDP规模的漏统计和增速被低估。因此,为了充分发挥数据生产要素的价值,应在个人隐私权益和经济收益之间进行合理取舍;完善数据交易机制设计,解决交易中的信用问题;转变测算思路,通过界定数字经济,识别核算主体和界定产业活动,构建新的数字经济核算体系;引入新兴技术,改善数字经济核算体系,使数据要素成为经济高质量发展的关键推动力。

Economic Analysis of Data Production Factorization in the Era of Digital Economy

On the heels of agricultural economy and industrial economy,we have entered the era of digital economy,in which data is becoming another important production factor on par with land,labor and capital,among other things.In the era of digital economy,issues like the impetus for and difficulties in data production factorization and the resultant digital economy accounting problems are worthy of in-depth studies.Our study shows that data has such characteristics like non-competitiveness,diminishing marginal cost and value uncertainty.To make data the engine for economic growth,mechanisms that coordinate data and other production factors,allocate resources through the market and hold monopolistic behaviors in check should be put in place.One difficulty of data asset determination is related to the ownership of data:should data be owned by enterprises or individuals?The ambiguity of data ownership,the easy replication of data and the phenomenon of“information paradox”all contribute to the difficulties in data asset determinating trading and pricing.The process of data production factorization faces some statistical challenges since the traditional GDP accounting methods tend to miss some parts of GDP out,resulting in underestimation of the growth rate.Therefore,in order to fully tap into the potential values of data production factors,more efforts should be a reasonable trade-off between personal privacy rights and economic benefits,improve the institutional design related to data transaction mechanisms and take steps to overcome credibility problems in transactions.The current calculation method should be improved and a new digital economy accounting system can be developed on the basis of defining the digital economy,identifying accounting subjects and defining industrial activities.It is imperative to introduce emerging technologies and improve the digital economy accounting system to see to it that data factors can become the key driver of high-quality economic development.