自由心证制度的本土实践:以我国西南地区基层环境侵权案件为分析对象

“以事实为根据，以法律为准绳”是改革开放以来我国司法案件审理的基本原则，不过在实践中法官的审理逻辑更复杂。以我国西南地区的基层环境侵权案件为例，我国的基层法院一方面按照法律程序对环境侵权案件进行审理，另一方面在审判中“坚持服务大局”，因此，法官在“自由心证”的过程中“做文章”是一项不得已的实践策略。自由心证制度起源于17世纪英国的普通法法院，以新教革命之后“良心必须是自己形成的”原则为伦理动机。自由心证原则在当代中国的命运如何，不仅取决于法治的顶层设计是否完善，还取决于中国社会能否实现“生活之道的伦理理性化”。

Dynamic Combination of Institutional Factors and the Rent Seeking Theory: A Case Study of the Institutional Reform in the Treasury Transportation Industry

The rent-seeking theory has its unique explanatory power, but it is not spared with limitations. The author used a case in the treasury transportation industry to discuss the limitations of the rent-seeking theory and, on the basis of the capital asset combination theory as well as the neo-institutional economy, proposed dynamic combination of institutional factors as a new perspective. It was contended that, any institution being an important factor, such factors combined would impact the profit or risk outcomes of business activities. Therefore, enterprises would be motivated to apply the method of combining factors in production to the institutional sector, i.e., trying to dynamically combine institutional factors in order to enhance profits and reduce risks associated with their activities.