明代北京地区自然灾害研究

明代北京地区发生的自然灾害包括水灾、旱灾、雹灾、风灾、地震、蝗灾、瘟疫等,自然灾害种类多,发生频率高,分布地域广,密度大.频发的自然灾害,对农业生产、公共工程、民众生活乃至生命以及社会治安、社会秩序造成严重破坏和危害.一定意义上说,明末频发而严重的自然灾害导致了明朝灭亡.明代北京地区自然灾害频发而严重,与北京地区所处地理位置及大气环流、地形及河流分布,当时北半球处于小冰期以及北京地区长期以来不合理开发、自然环境恶化均有一定关系.对北京地区的自然灾害,由明朝中央政府直接领导,设仓、治水、捕蝗以备灾,祈祷、修省以祛灾,蠲免、赈济以救灾,其措施完备、赈恤丰优均为外省、外府所不及.

A Study of the Natural Disasters in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty

Disasters that happened in Beijing during the Ming dynasty includes floods,droughts,rains of ice,wind storms,earth quakes,locusts,and diseases.These natural disasters are characterized by great variety,high frequency,wide coverage,and high density.The frequently happening of the natural disasters caused great damages and harms on farming,public project,daily living,people's life,social security,and social order.In some sense,these severe disasters led to the fall of the Ming Dynasty.Happening of these severe disasters in Beijing can be traced to the geographical location,atmosphere circulation,landforms,presence of rivers,Little Ice Age climate,irrational overdevelopment in this area,and deterioration of natural environment.A whole set of measures had been taken under the direct leading of the Ming Central government.These measures and disaster reliving fund are greater than what other regions and provinces could afford.