"夷夏变迁"与明清"改土归流"

明清两朝都实施了改土归流政策,但其结果却大相径庭,主要原因在于两代君主民族观的差异。明朝皇帝坚持儒家传统夷夏观,对"以夷治夷"的羁縻政策有着天然的依赖性,不可能对土司制度作出彻底的改革;而本身为少数民族的清朝皇帝,因不满儒家传统夷夏观中的民族歧视而对其进行了批判继承,把从唐代就开始萌芽的"华夷一体"的新民族观应用到实际的民族政策中,其结果就是土司制度在清代的基本结束。

The Change of National Concept and the Abolishing Hereditary Chieftaincy and Bring the Ethnic Minority areas under Unified Provincial Administration

The policy of abolishing hereditary chieftaincy and bring the ethnic minority areas under unified provincial administration was carried out both in Ming and Qing dynasty,but it brought different results,the main reason was the difference of national concept which belong to the Emperors in Ming and Qing dynasty.The Ming Emperors persisted in traditional confucian national concept,they naturally depended on the policy that the government used the ethnic minorities to manage themselves,and did not reform the hereditary chieftaincy in the ethnic minority areas thoroughly;The Qing Emperors who are the ethnic minority weren't satisfied with the traditional confucian national concept which discriminate the ethnic minority,they both criticized and inherited this concept,and applied the new national concept which treat all nationalities equally to real national policy,the result is that the hereditary chieftaincy in the ethnic minority areas was over in Qing dynasty.