沧海横流，方显出真理本色——关于马克思主义生产关系变革理论及其实践的思辨

马克思恩格斯认为,经济的社会形态的发展是一种自然史的过程。新的生产关系不是从无中和空中发展起来的,而是从传统的所有制关系内部即“母腹”之中经过“十月怀胎”发展起来的,包括共产主义生产关系的“任何有机体制的情况都是这样”。暴力只能充当孕育着新社会的临产的旧社会的助产士,而不能充当产妇。而斯大林则认为,社会主义生产关系不能在资本主义内部形成和发展,可以并且只能由无产阶级政权在资本主义“母腹之外”的“空地上”由无产阶级政权创造出来。俄国“十月革命”建立了无产阶级政权,但是经过几十年的建设并没有建成马克思恩格斯设想的那种第一阶段的共产主义社会。在现有生产力和生产方式的制约下,前苏联、中国等国家不得不通过改革恢复包括私有制在内的多种经济成分并存的格局和市场调节,重新营造一个使新的共产主义生产关系得以在其中孕育生长的胎床。20世纪世界共产主义运动的历史事实证明,马克思恩格斯关于新的生产关系要在前一形态生产关系内部发展起来的观点是正确的,斯大林在理论上对马克思恩格斯的突破并没有成功。

The Transforming Theory and Practice of Marxist Production Relations

Marx and Engals believed that the development of social economic pattern is a natural process of history.New relations of production do not come from the air but from within the relations of traditional ownership,including communist production relations.Violence can only serve as a "midwife" to a new society but never gives birth to it.Stalin,however,believed that socialist production relations do not come from within capitalism and that proletarian political power can only be created outside of capitalism.Russian "October Revolution" established a proletarian political power,but after decades of construction,the first period of communist society as Marx and Engals had imagined has not been realized.The history of the 20th-century world communist movement has proved that Marx and Engals's theory of production relations is correct while Stalin's theoretical breakthrough to the former has not yet been justified.