两汉流民问题初探

两汉流民问题具有规模大、地域集中、持续时间长、呈放射状迁移和成分渐趋复杂等特点。除自然原因外，苛吏暴政、豪强兼并和战乱等导致了流民问题的出现。两汉政府采取限制、镇压和遣返，控制与安抚，入籍新地和修城池设郡县等措施安置流民；而返回故乡、死亡、入边地与城市、沦为奴婢、被收为兵、入居山林或参加农民起义，则是流民的基本去向。流民实边与入籍新地，有助于开发边地，推动民族融合与文化的交流扩散；流民反抗封建暴政的斗争在一定程度上推动了社会文明和历史进步。但是，由流民问题引发的两汉社会的剧烈动荡，人民生命财产的严重浩劫，社会生产力的严重破坏，则是不容忽视的消极影响。

A Preliminary Study of Refugee Problems in the Two Han Dynasties

The problem of refugees in the Han Dynasty, characterized by large scale scattering, geographical concentrations, long endurance, and complicated identities, resulted from cruel exploitation, wars, and natural disasters, and was settled by the governments of the two Han dynasties through control, repression and repatriation. The refugees returned to their native places, died, settled either in the frontiers or towns, became slaves or soldiers, or even rebelled against the government. Their settlement in the new places helped develop the frontiers and promoted cultural exchange and the rebellions contributed to the social progress. On the other hand, the question of refugees triggered social upheavals of the time, caused heavy loss of people's properties and lives and thus the serious destruction of the social productive force.