事实与价值的分离与融通--艾耶尔与普特南的观点与启示

艾耶尔认为,事实陈述与伦理判断之间的二元性显而易见,他试图将价值判断还原成事实陈述,认为道德判断实际是不同事实之间的归类,并诱发不同的道德态度。这种观点启发我们要在不同文化类型之间进行经验事实的互补,避免由于个别经验导致的武断、专权。普特南认为在我们许多日常的事实陈述中包含着价值语汇,事实无法外在于价值评价,对科学事实的接受就是在一些价值预设下获致的。他的观点提醒人们注意文化现象背后的价值蕴涵。

The Division and Fusion of Fact and Value

According to Ayre, the duality of factual representation and ethical assessment is rather self-evident. To elaborate the individuality and isolation of affective assessment, Ayre reduces the value assessment to the factual representation thusproposes a taxonomictheory that ethical assessment is, in fact, a category of various facts, which is the source of diverse moral attitudes. His idea reminds us of the complementation of different cultures, and helps us escape from the individual arbitrariness. On the other hand, Putnam maintains that there are words of value in our daily factual representations. Fact and value cannot be separated, because the reception of scientific factspresupposes certain values. Putnam also reminds usthat there are value implications in the cultural or political phenomena.