论人类在本质上的外部性

对“私人恶德”可转化为公众利益的问题,哈丁在“公地悲剧”和“零和游戏”讨论中做了重要但不彻底的批判。自然、反自然是两种相反性质的进化,免费、付费是两种午餐模式;地球系统的自然演化是为生命提供“免费午餐”的熵过程。生物圈、“生态目的性”是外部性的参照系和本质判据。最小化配置资源,贯彻“生态目的性”,使生物的外部性在生物圈层面得到最终消解而享用“免费午餐”;不扮演生态角色,承担生态义务,最大化配置资源,“生态目的性”的丢失和非有机性使外部性成了人类的本质。对人类外部性的消除,自然既没有义务也没有能力。指数式增加的人类废物、废热对自然冗余功能的大量利用和自然“循环扩散”机制的破坏,导致当代严重的社会自然危机的出现;缩减人口经济规模并实施“粮食石油”战略,是应对外部性规模危机根本且唯一之策。

On Essential Externality of Human Beings

According to Mandeville and Adam Smith,″private vices″and″personal benefits″bring ″public benefits″when it is″lopped by justice″or under the guidance of″invisible hand,″and form win-win situation of human beings and a rich harmonious society ;the economics also violates its ″no free lunch″motto,and suggests that″external diseconomy″is inessential and eliminable .In the light of the theory of″subversive″ecology,Hardin provides an important but incomplete criticism-externality is essential in″the game of win-or-lose,″and becomes eliminable when ″freedom of use″and″private property right″is regarded to be the cause and countermeasure of ″tragedy of the commons .″ Nature and anti-nature are two contrary evolutions,while there are two corresponding modes,free lunch and paid lunch ;natural evolution of earth system,″degeneration of the system in the earth-evolution of the earth surface system″(Ⅰ),″degeneration of natural system-evolution of life system″(Ⅱ),is an entropic process that provides life with″free lunch .″ In the aspect of externality judgment,biosphere is a reference system ;an essential judgment is ecological purpose,that is,to maintain biosphere diversity,harmony,stability and continuity . By playing ecological role,undertaking ecological obligation,complying with the order of nature,minimizing resource allocation and chasing ecological purpose,living beings become one″node″of biosphere″seamless web .″Living beings'low-level externality within the biosphere is dissolved at the high level and biosphere level ;closed circulation of materials prevents wastes forming in the biosphere,while water and atmospheric circulations spread waste heat to outer space .Maximized resource allocation,a must for″human beings″becoming human beings and social development,leads to destruction of the order of nature and fragmentation of biosphere ;human beings no longer play ecological role and undertake ecological obligation,so″ecological purpose″and ″ecologicalobligations right″are lost-as a result,human beings become inorganic members of biosphere,and are no longer qualified to have″free lunch″and they are deeply stamped with the mark of externality . The nature has no obligation to eliminate wastes and waste heat produced by human beings ; and it doesn't have this capability due to the restraint from the″adaptation-coordination″of its mechanism and the functional coupling of national circulation .With the existence of″redundancy function,″the nature can bear a few populations that″force their way into the nature ;″exponential growth of wastes and waste heat in human society leads to destruction of natural circulation mechanism,functional declination and serious social-natural crisis at present ; to reduce population-economy size substantially and implement″food-oil″strategy is the fundamental and the only way to deal with external″size crisis .″″Know yourself″is an eternal topic engraved by ancient Greeks on stone corridor at the Temple of Delphi .Lagging development of contemporary environmental ethics is caused by a fundamental misunderstanding-human beings are regarded to be one″node″of biosphere ″seamless web″(deep ecology) .Win-win between human beings and the nature and″inverted U-shaped curve relation between economy and environment″are argued repeatedly and circularly . Against this background,this paper discusses human beings' essentially external attempts .As a critical thinking and inferential paper,argumentation seems a little insufficient here .