控制权理论视角下的教育考试评分标准变异：以甲省新高考历史学科评卷过程为例

已有国家治理模式的研究侧重对稳定公共组织过程中委托方和管理方的分析。本文在控制权理论视角下，以甲省新高考历史学科评卷过程中的评分标准变异现象为个案，分析不稳定公共组织过程中的治理模式以及委托方、管理方与代理方的三方博弈。研究发现，尽管该类型的治理模式接近高度关联型模式，但三方不属于同一官僚组织体系，缺乏行政约束，增加了谈判与博弈的不确定性。其影响有二：第一，委托方与管理方存在目标设定分歧，导致委托方在掌握激励分配权的前提下，分割检查验收权，保持对政策执行过程的任意干预能力；第二，代理方的行为偏好得到委托方与管理方的反馈，形成相应的调节机制，对委托方和管理方产生逆向影响，使三方对政策执行的理解渐趋一致，从而导致评分标准发生变异。

An Analysis of Educational Test Scoring Standard Variation from the Perspective of Control Theory: A Case Study of History Subject Grading of College Entrance Examination in Province X

The existing literature on national governance models has focused on the analysis of long-term and stable public organizational processes between different levels of governmental and social organizations. In contemporary China, a considerable part of the organization and implementation process in public services relies on the cooperation among different local governmental institutions and social groups. This leads to short-term and unstable relations in the process. This study applies the perspective of control theory to analyze the relationship between the three parties of the principal (government), the management (offices in charge) and the implementation agency (organizations) in the case of college entrance examination grading standard variation in Province X. The study finds that even though the relationship presents a highly correlated governance model, the three parties do not belong to the same bureaucracy and lack administrative oversight within the process, thus increase uncertainty in negotiation and maneuver, resulting in two issues. First, often the principal and management have divergent views on goals. With the advantage of controlling incentive distribution, the principal is able to involve itself in inspection and evaluation of policy implementation, and therefore maintains the ability of arbitrary intervention in the process. Second, the implementation agency's behavior is constantly influenced and modified by the feedback from the principal and management and vice versa. In the process of continuous feedback and adjustment, the three parties gradually reach their own shared understanding of policy implementation that becomes the cause of local variation of test grading standard. This paper suggests that unstable public organization process is an important area of study on contemporary Chinese governance. Control theory can be further explored as an analytic tool and strategies of various social forces in gaining organization control should also be investigated in depth.