科学与指向价值的行动:韦伯《科学作为天职》一百年

本文基于韦伯《科学作为天职》的演讲,将Wissenschaft als Beruf的含义重新置于韦伯科学学说的思考脉络之中。本文认为,该演讲通过“为科学而科学”的“意义”问题指涉每个人如何承担自己的价值立场问题,此问题和韦伯科学学说中行动如何承担价值的主题密切相关。一方面,每个人的价值感受是价值行动的起点,不能通过任何伦理义务将之夷平。另一方面,这样的价值感受若不通过价值理性化,就既不会变成塑造价值的力量,也有碍于行动者明白和掌握为价值而行动的自由是什么。二者之间的紧张使韦伯反对任何有机体学说意义上的文明和共同体,转而从“求真”这一充满人为努力的途径来实现行动者对价值真正的“开明”。在这一途径中,诉诸于观念类型的行动者的“开明”是他将习俗和文明由异己的传统变成自己的根本价值立场的关键。但本文结尾表明,韦伯的这个立场将所有的传统都变成了异己的传统,因此留下了现代社会科学如何面对价值的共同体的根本问题。

Science and the Movements to Directional Values: The Centennial of Max Weber's Wissenschaft als Beruf

The meaning of "Science as Vocation", this paper argues, in Max Weber's lecture on Wissenschaft als Beruf (1917) goes beyond the conventional understanding of "science for its own sake", and is about how actions that bear the ultimate values of the actors can be possible. In Weber's Wissenschaftslehre, such actions can come only after the process of value rationalization which transfers our initial personal feelings of value to real belief in the validity of values. Without such a process, actors don't even know what they need to defend or strive for as consistent social beings. The process of value rationalization, however, for Weber is only driven by the willingness to truth, not any primordial attachment to any convention or cultural heritage that is assumed as self--evidently or naturally valid by other theorists. Thus, the value rationalization that Weber conceptualizes leaves one critical question for modern social theory to answer:how should we theoretically think about the human groups which are supposed to live their cultural values (i.e.the idea of Gemeinschaftsschicksale)?