革命目标的裂变与群众路线的转向:1940年代中共妇女政策的温和化

中国共产党是倡导性别平等的马克思主义革命党,其一度激进的妇女政策在1940年代却发生了温和化转向。抗日战争开始后,革命根据地内阶级矛盾的缓和与劳动力的相对充裕使激进的妇女政策成本上升、收益下降。抗战中期,国民党的“限共”政策给中共战争资源汲取带来了压力,引发了党群关系的变化。为缓和党群关系,中国共产党在非阶级斗争形势下实施了群众路线,通过组织群众劳动生产以扩大总产出。在组织群众劳动生产的过程中,性别差异和性别分工被强调,激进妇女政策的路径依赖被打破而随之温和化。中国共产党妇女政策的温和化重新平衡了革命的中心性目标与原则性目标,重新平衡了男性群众的利益偏好与女性群众的生理特性。

The Fission of Revolutionary Purpose and the Transformation of the Mass Line: Moderation of Women's Policies of the CCP in the 1940s

As a Marxist revolutionary party,the CCP advocated gender equality,however,in the 1940s,its radical gender policies came under moderation. During the Soviet period,female emanciption was a powerful means of mobilizing women to participate in the land reform. The Anti-Communist "Encirclement and Suppression" had caused a significent number of male casualty and had drained male laborers from the land. This reality forced the CCP to focus on mobilizing females to step in males' role in production. At the same time,the intensified class conflict took the primacy over the gender equality issues arisen from the radical policies. As soon as the Sino-Japanese War started the CCP suspended the land reform,thus the radical gender policies had lost its practical foundation and the relationship between the Party and the masses had altered structurally.Because of the pressure to seize the resources for the War,the principle goal of the CCP shifted from liberation to draft of army recruits. The relationship between the Party and the peasants changed from coorperative to tense. Although the gender equality policies were shelved,the path dependence persisted. Only by the middle period of the War when the CCP modified its mass line as non-class struggle and production output focused to counter the KMT's "xiangong" (Restricting the CCP),the path dependency of gender equality was broken and moderated as the period had brought back the traditional gender difference and gender division of labor. The softening of the policies on women rebalanced the central goalsand principle objectives of the revolution,and compensated the preference of males and the physiological characteristics of female.