儒家的社会规范与阴阳五行秩序

所谓规范指称"标准化的秩序"。社会规范指的是为社会成员所提供的是非标准和行为指南,因而也是人们具体行为必须要遵循的行为法则。儒家的社会规范可分为两种:一是以"德礼"为核心的积极的规范,其目的在于通过教化的力量来改变人们行为的根本态度;二是以"法刑"为核心的消极规范,其目的在于通过物理的制裁来暂时控制人们的行为。规范必须拥有其合理性。在儒家看来,社会的规范不是来自于近代社会学理论所讲的社会契约,而是来自于自然本身的秩序。因而"三纲五伦"以及"礼乐"、"刑政"等规范都体现着阴阳五行的自然法则。跟近代的社会学理论相比,儒家的社会规范具有以下的特点:其一,儒家的社会规范不是以平等的个人,而是以有差别的个人为前提;其二,儒家规范的根本目的不在于实现功利性或者效率性,而在于实现道德性;其三,儒家的规范不是为了实现社会契约,而是为了实现阴阳五行的自然秩序。

The Social Norm of Confucianism and the Order of Yin-Yang and Five Elements

The norm can refer to "standardized order of process".A social norm refers to the criteria and guidance of behavior on the right and the wrong for the members of a community,therefore,it is also the code that must be abide by in the actual behavior of the people.The social norm by Confucianism can be divided into an active norm such as virtue and etiquette and a passive one such as law and punishment.The norm of virtue and etiquette brings to a fundamental change of human behaviors through education and cultivation while the norm of law and punishment temporarily controls the human behaviors through the physical restraints.The norm should also be based on rationality.The social norm of Confucianism has its basis on the order of the nature whereas the modern norm is based on the social constraints.Therefore,the natural order of yin-yang and five elements is realized in the Confucian norms such as sangang-wuchang(three cardinal guides and five constant virtues) and liyue-xingzheng(etiquette,music,punishment and policy).Compared with modern theory of sociology,the social norm of Confucianism has following characteristics: 1 The premise of the social norm of Confucianism presumes the difference in individuals rather than equality;2 The purpose of Confucian norm is not to pursue efficacy or efficiency but is for morality;3 The Confucian norm is a system for realizing the natural order of yin-yang and five elements in a society rather than the practice of social constraints.