制度设计的人性基础及其在美国宪政制度中的反映

西方政治思想对于人性的善恶两面均有深刻的认识。而其设计制度的人性基础却常常是指向＂人性恶＂的,即＂制度设计的性恶论＂。性恶论作为制度设计的基础是有其必要性的。《联邦党人文集》集中体现了对人性善恶两面性的承认,利用＂制度设计的性恶论＂进行制度选择,并以尊重、关怀和彰显人性为终极目标。而这种精巧制度的设立,是自发形成的,建立在对欧洲尤其是英国传统和政治思想的确认、美国自身实际的认识和协商妥协的基础之上。

Human Nature Assumed in System Designing and its Reflection on American Constitutional System

Political thoughts in western countries have deep understandings on both good and evil sides of hu- man nature. However, the human nature assumed in system designing often falls to the evil side of human, which is called the ＂theory of original evil of human nature in system designing＂. It is necessary to have a theory of origi- nal evil of human nature as a foundation of system designing. The ＂Federal list Papers＂ is a concentrated reflection of the acknowledgment of both sides of human nature, making institutional choices by the ＂theory of original evil of human nature in system designing＂ with the ultimate goal of respecting, caring and revealing human nature. And the delicate system developed spontaneously, laying its foundation on the acknowledgement of traditional and politi- cal thoughts in Europe （especially in Britain）, the understanding of the local American conditions and a series of negotiations and compromises.