西方国家环境难民的争议与弥合路径解读

在环境变化与人口迁移的研究中，环境难民这一概念饱受争议。争议的焦点主要集中在迁移动因的识别、是否存在环境难民、环境难民能否纳入难民的范畴三个方面。导致环境难民概念分歧的原因在于移民跨学科研究进展缓慢和不同的利益相关者从自身的角度对环境难民进行建构。为了弥合环境难民存在的争议，学者采取了将环境变化引起的跨国被迫迁移人口视为环境难民；根据移民动机和救援紧迫性识别环境难民；采取“自愿—强制”二分法将环境难民纳入非自愿移民的范畴；维持现状与加强合作等四条路径。本文结合我国环境相关移民实践认为：扩大环境难民的范畴不利于问题的解决。环境难民不能囊括那些既定类型和约定俗成的移民类型；不能将非自愿移民等同于难民；概念界定本身无法解决身份识别。在实践中，需要从环境变化的影响识别需要救援的迁移人口；以集体身份划定环境难民范畴；履行政府的职责，最大程度上较少跨国环境难民；对不同环境变化影响的人口采取不同的迁移手段；整合资源进行合作以更好地安置移民。

The Interpretation of Western Countries Environmental Refugees Dispute and the Bridge Path

In the study of environmental change and resettlement,the concept of environmental refugees is highly disputed. The controversy mainly focus on the migrate factor of environmental refugees,the existence of environmental refugees,envi?ronmental refugees could into refugees. The cause of controversy is that the resettlement disciplines development slow and stakeholders from their own perspective on environmental refugees. In order to bridge the existing environmental refugees controversy,scholars took the transnational forced migration caused by environmental changes considered refugees;accord?ing to the urgency of resettlement motivation and rescue identify environmental refugees;take“voluntary-involuntary”en?vironmental refugees dichotomy into involuntary categories of resettlement;maintain the status quo and strengthen four paths cooperation. This paper considers the practice of environment-related resettlement found:the concept of environmen?tal refugees should not include those with established type and type of resettlement convention;involuntary resettlement cannot be equivalent to the refugees;define the concept cannot solve the problem identification,it requires the introduc?tion of relevant policy documents;the recognition of resettlement need to relief must know the environmental changes af?fect;environmental refugees belong collective identity;performing government duties,less the maximum extent of transna?tional environmental refugees;the impact of demographic change on different environments adopt different migration tools;integration of resources to better cooperate resettlement.