承袭与变异：秦汉封爵的原则和作用

秦汉封爵是最富时代特色的制度 ,其封赐原则既承袭先秦旧爵 ,如因功封爵和因亲封爵等 ,同时又有明显变异 ,总体看更加复杂多样 ,等级更加繁细 ,也更加轻滥 ,特别是普遍赐爵和买卖占爵 ,可谓最具时代特色。对君主和国家而言 ,封爵的作用和影响与先秦旧爵也有明显差异 ,如果说周的封爵主要体现的是国家统治形式 ,那么战国后发展起来的秦汉新爵制 ,则主要体现为统治的具体方法和策略 ,是在全社会广泛推行的利益交换手段和激励措施 ,特别是爵位通过买卖获得 ,更使得其利益交换性 ,甚至可以说是商品性暴露无遗。而封爵对于占有爵位的个人的好处 ,比旧爵更是复杂细微

The Creation of Nobles in the Qin and the Han Dynasties: Follow and Change, Principles and Effects

The principle of creation of nobles in the Qin and the Han Dynasties followed the old ways of the Pre Qin three Dynasties and took advantage of the situation of the time taking some new ones as well. On the whole the creation of nobles of the time was diversified, complicated and indiscriminate, the striking features were the recklessly conferring titles and selling titles. Effectively, the creation of nobles in Pre Qin dynasties was the mode of governance, while in the Qin Han Dynasties served as the ways and means of interest exchange or the measure of encouragement. What would be the ranks of nobility taken as commodity to be sold out, the subsequence is self evident.