性别分层视角下福利对美国非裔单身母亲的影响研究——以20世纪六七十年代AFDC政策为例

20世纪六七十年代,美国抚养未成年子女家庭援助计划(AFDC)的支出规模出现大幅增长,非裔单身母亲接受福利援助的程度和范围扩大,但由于族群差异而构建出“他者”概念,使非裔单身母亲在女性群体内部受到阶级制度和种族制度在另外维度上的分裂,形成福利的差异化待遇以及“福利女王”的刻板印象,其面临的社会不平等实际上是性别分层下系统性种族主义的持续存在。AFDC福利政策的发展维持了美国非裔单身母亲基本的温饱,却无法从根源上解决其贫困问题。政府需要满足其现实性别需求以及战略性别需求,改变非裔单身母亲的社会从属地位,形成经济上独立自主的女性形象。这样才能消除她们所面临的结构性障碍。

The Influence of Welfare on African American Single Mothers from the Perspective of Gender Stratification--Take the AFDC Policy of the 1960s and 1970s as Examples

In the 1960s and 1970s,the scale of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC)in the United States increased significantly,and the extent and scope of African single mothers receiving welfare assistance expanded.However,due to ethnic differences,the concept of"the other"was constructed,and African American single mothers within the female community are divided in another dimension by class and race,forming the differential treatment of welfare and the stereotype of welfare queen.The social inequality they faced was actually the persistence of systematic racism under gender stratification.The development of AFDC welfare policy has maintained the basic food and clothing of African American single mothers,but it cannot solve the poverty problem from the root.The government needs to meet the practical gender needs and strategic gender needs,change the social subordination status of African American single mothers,and form the image of economically independent women,so as to eliminate the structural barriers they face.