从扶乩到灵学：近代科玄论战下的知识与理性

近代知识精英在接受正规科学的同时，受到了西方当时流行的心灵学刺激与启发，将传统扶乩信仰推至灵学研究的崭新维度。灵学支持者期望诉诸理性和科学去认识科学知识之外的灵学知识，以对未知世界的敬畏去促进在精神和道德层面改造已知世界，实现灵学救国。与此同时，以《新青年》为代表的灵学反对者则坚持彻底的科学主义和理性态度，将灵学视为有碍科学发展的落后迷信。两种截然不同立场的背后，是近代知识界在欧风美雨冲击下对现代知识与传统学问的共同反思，亦是对舶来之科学、宗教、迷信等概念以及现代启蒙精神的有益探讨，更为之后的科玄论战提供了理论素材并拉开序幕。在启蒙文化的引领下，中国社会逐渐以理性化、现世化为主导，灵学也已经不能适应时代发展的要求。从灵学之争到科玄论战，不仅反映出中国现代化与世俗化之路的复杂性与曲折性，也构成以科学范式研究宗教现象的历史基础。

From Spirit Writing to Spiritualism:Knowledge and Rationality in the Contemporary Debate between Science and Metaphysics

While accepting the formal science,some modern intellectual elites were stimulated and inspired by the western popular spiritualism and pushed the traditional spiritual belief to a new dimension of the study of spiritualism.They tried to use rationality and science to understand spiritual knowledge beyond scientific knowledge,so as to revere the unknown world to promote the transformation of the known world at the spiritual and moral level thereby saving the nation by spiritualism.While the opponents of spiritualism,represented by the New Youth,insisted on thorough scientism and rational attitude,regarding spiritualism as a backward superstition that hindered the development of science.These two opposite positions revealed the intellectual elites' common reflection on modern western knowledge and the traditional Chinese scholarship under the impact of western culture.They brought in beneficial discussions on the concepts of science,religion and superstition and modern enlightenment spirit,which became theoretical materials for the later debate between science and metaphysics.Under the guidance of the Enlightenment culture,Chinese society has gradually become dominated by rationalization and secularization,and spiritualism can no longer meet the requirements of the development of the society.From the debate of spiritualism to the debate of science and metaphysics,it not only reflects the complexity and tortuousness of the modernization and secularization of China,but also constitutes the historical basis for the scientific study of religious phenomena.