“自然的德”抑或“人为的德”——从休谟的正义性质说谈起

休谟把一切德区分为“自然的德”和“人为的德”。在《道德原则研究》中，休谟着重考察了“自然的德”与“人为的德”的发生机制以及它们之间的区别与关联。在休谟看来，无论是“自然的德”还是“人为的德”，对于人或社会都有一种直接的或者间接的快乐或利益，而正义作为一种“人为的德”，对社会无益是有益的，人们也正是出于这种利益的考虑才建立起正义法则，公共利益是正义的唯一源泉。休谟通过“自然之德”与“人为之德”的比较来阐释他的正义思想，进而确立了正义观在其道德哲学体系中的核心地位。

Natural Virtue or Artificial Virtue:a Discussion from the Perspective David Hume's Justice

Hume classified virtues into ＂natural virtue＂ and ＂artificial virtue＂ .In An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, he re-examines the mechanism of ＂natural virtue＂ and ＂artificial virtue＂ and their differences and relevance. In his opinion, both natural virtue and artificial virtue have a direct or indirect happiness or benefit toward people or society. Justice, as a natural virtue, is beneficial to society; hence the establishment of the law of justice and the central position of justice view in his philosophy.