Reimagining the General Health Questionnaire as a measure of emotional wellbeing: A study of postpartum women in Malta |
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| Authors: | M.C. Spiteri J. Jomeen C.R. Martin |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Malta;2. Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Hull, UK;3. Faculty of Society and Health, Buckinghamshire New University, UK;4. West London Mental Health NHS Trust, UK;1. Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana;2. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK;3. Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;4. Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King?s College, London;1. History of Medicine Department, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece;2. 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Athens, Medical School, “Aretaieion” Hospital, Athens, Greece;1. London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada;2. Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada;3. Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada;4. Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada;1. Pain Management, Children''s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri;2. Health Psychology Section, Psychology Department, King''s College London, London, United Kingdom;3. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;1. The Robinson Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Adelaide, Women''s and Children''s Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia;2. School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia 5000, Australia;3. Women''s and Children''s Hospital, Women''s and Babies Division, Department of Perinatal Medicine, Adelaide, Australia |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundPostpartum health has been subject to a focus on psychological morbidity, despite positive associations between postpartum recovery and maternal emotional wellbeing. There are currently many validated tools to measure wellbeing and related concepts, including non-psychiatric morbidity. The General Health Questionnaire, 12 items (GHQ-12) is one such instrument, widely used and validated in several languages. Its use in postpartum settings has been documented with disagreement about the instrument's utility in this population, particularly in relation to scoring method and threshold. The GHQ-12 has never been translated into Maltese. This study explored the psychometric properties of the GHQ-12 in a Maltese postpartum population to consider if the use of a different scoring method (visual analogue scale) in the GHQ-12 can determine postpartum wellbeing.MethodsOne hundred and twenty-four postpartum women recruited from one hospital in Malta completed the translated and adapted GHQ-12 as a wellbeing measure (GHQ-12(WB)) at four postpartum time points. The psychometric properties of the GHQ-12(WB) were explored using confirmatory factor analysis, discriminant and divergent validity and reliability analysis.ResultsThe GHQ-12(WB) demonstrated good divergent and known-groups validity and internal consistency. No models offered a good fit to the data. The overall consistent best-fit to the data was an eight item, two factor model (GHQ-8). Model fit improved across all models in terms of CFI at 13 weeks.ConclusionFindings generally support the reliability and validity of the Maltese version of the GHQ-12(WB). Model fit changes over time reflect the dynamic nature of postpartum recovery. Further evaluation of the GHQ-8(WB) is recommended. |
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| Keywords: | Postpartum GHQ-12 Wellbeing Psychometric General Health |
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